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Comparison of CVA and muscle activity according to treadmill walking condition
| Variables | PRE | CN1 | CN2 | CN3 | CN4 | F | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CVA (°) | 39.70± 3.78 | 40.97± 2.55 | 40.13± 3.00 | 39.93± 3.02 | 39.57± 3.46 | 1.970 | 0.104 |
| SCM (%MVIC) | 2.40± 1.47 | 2.10± 1.15 |
2.25± 1.27 | 2.55± 1.37#$ | 2.38± 1.36# | 5.546 | 0.001 |
| CES (%MVIC) | 6.93± 3.67 | 6.03± 3.38 |
6.19± 3.38 |
7.03± 3.80#$ | 6.91± 3.75#$ | 17.078 | < 0.001 |
| UT (%MVIC) | 9.63± 6.57 | 8.54± 4.75 |
8.89± 5.51 |
10.16± 6.56#$ | 10.08± 7.32# | 3.671 | 0.015 |
All values are reported as the mean± standard deviation. CN1: downhill treadmill walking, CN2: treadmill walking while playing an augmented reality-based downhill program, CN3: treadmill walking with head-mounted display not playing an augmented reality-based downhill program, CN4: treadmill walking, CVA: craniovertebral angle, SCM: sternocleidomastoid, CES: cervical erector spinae, UT: upper trapezius. *p< 0.05, #p< 0.05 versus CN1, $p< 0.05 versus CN2.